Part 9: Adult Advanced Life Support: 2025 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care.

In these 2025 Advanced Life Support Guidelines, the American Heart Association provides comprehensive recommendations for the resuscitation and management of adults experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and life-threatening cardiovascular emergencies. Based on structured evidence reviews and the latest clinical research, these guidelines offer evidence-based strategies to optimize survival and patient outcomes. The 2025 guidelines provide guidance for the treatment of cardiac arrest, including ventricular fibrillation, pulseless ventricular tachycardia, asystole, and pulseless electrical activity, as well as peri-arrest conditions such as atrial fibrillation and flutter with rapid ventricular response. Recommendations are made for defibrillation, electrical cardioversion, advanced airway management, drug therapies, and intravenous access. Additionally, guidelines are provided for the use of double sequential defibrillation, head-up cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and point-of-care ultrasound in the advanced life support setting. Termination of resuscitation rules have been refined to guide decision-making based on the emergency medical services professional's scope of practice. Finally, these guidelines also underscore the importance of identifying causative versus secondary arrhythmias to inform the appropriate timing of therapeutic strategies.