Accessing Multi-Material Liquid Crystal Elastomers Via Digitally Programmable Network Topologies.

Biological systems achieve functional complexity through spatially organized material heterogeneity, a principle that holds great promise for soft robotics. Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are ideal candidates for soft robotic materials, yet their performance is limited by the challenge of achieving precise spatial control over material properties. Here, a digital programming strategy is introduced that enables multi-material integration in LCEs via controlled network topology design. The method leverages sequential orthogonal reactions triggered by light irradiation and thermal curing, allowing for programmable network topologies. By spatially and temporally regulating the curing process using digital light patterning, both discrete localized and gradient topological variations are achieved, resulting in heterogeneous phase transition temperatures, actuation responses, and optical properties within a single LCE material. This programmable topology strategy for multi-material integration would significantly expand the design possibilities for LCE-based actuators, paving the way for advanced soft robotic material systems.