Dynamic Electrospinning of Multimaterial Nanofiber Architectures for Programmable Metamaterials and Multifunctional Devices.

Three-dimensional (3D) nanofiber structures are widely applicable across diverse scenarios, but their precise positioning and complex fabrication pose challenges to current 3D printing technologies. This study introduces the dynamic pattern-induced multimaterial nanofiber electrospinning technology (DPMNE Tech), an approach that integrates electrospinning with dynamic patterned circuit collectors to achieve precise nanofiber deposition. This method overcomes traditional nanofiber construction limitations by enabling the fabrication of complex, multimaterial nanofiber composite structures with microscale precision. Through the control of electric field distribution, solution properties, and pattern programming, DPMNE Tech facilitates the customization of functional mechanical metamaterials and dual-gradient directional liquid transport membranes, supporting applications in areas such as biomedical devices and liquid separation technologies. Additionally, the integration of photothermal functionalities enhances the performance of wearable patches and broadens therapeutic applications.