{"title":"了解埃塞俄比亚贡达尔妇女对长效可逆避孕药具的偏好：一个离散选择实验。","authors":"Ousman Ambaw, Amare Minyhun, Tsegaw Amare Baykeda, Haimanot Wubale Tewabe, Endalew Minwuye Andargie, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Dessie Tarko Ambaw, Lei Si","doi":"10.1186/s13561-025-00683-y","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Ethiopia, limited use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) contributes to unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and preventable maternal deaths. Despite their proven effectiveness, LARCs remain underutilized. Evidence on women's preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) is scarce. This study examined women's stated preferences, WTP, and trade-offs regarding LARC use in Gondar.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 344 contraceptive users, generating 8,256 observations. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) with 24 choice tasks, divided into two blocks, was employed. Each task presented two unlabeled alternatives defined by six key attributes, identified through literature review and expert consultation. Data were analyzed using mixed logit models to estimate preference strength and WTP based on model coefficients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis revealed that provider type significantly influenced women's preferences. Women showed the highest WTP for LARCs provided by midwives [528 ETB (10.15 USD)], compared to services offered by doctors [285 ETB (5.48 USD)] and health officers [215 ETB (4.13 USD)]. Preferences were also shaped by side-effect profiles: methods associated with slight weight gain [155 ETB (2.98 USD)], high effectiveness [80 ETB (1.54 USD)], and absence of bleeding [74 ETB (1.43 USD)] were positively valued. Conversely, heavy menstrual bleeding led to the largest reduction in WTP [-688 ETB (-13.24 USD)], indicating a significant barrier to LARC uptake. Longer-acting methods also reduced WTP [-139 ETB (-2.68 USD)], possibly reflecting concerns about long-term commitment or side effects. Cost sensitivity was evident, as increases of 100 ETB (1.92 USD) or 500 ETB (9.92 USD) further reduced uptake likelihood.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Women's preferences for LARCs are influenced by provider type, side effects, and cost. Enhancing LARC services by prioritizing midwife-led delivery, addressing side effects such as heavy menstrual bleeding, and considering women's WTP can increase uptake. These findings highlight the need for affordable, user-centered contraceptive services in Ethiopia.</p>","PeriodicalId":46936,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Review","volume":"15 1","pages":"86"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12538984/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Understanding women's preferences for long-acting reversible contraceptives in Gondar, Ethiopia: a discrete choice experiment.\",\"authors\":\"Ousman Ambaw, Amare Minyhun, Tsegaw Amare Baykeda, Haimanot Wubale Tewabe, Endalew Minwuye Andargie, Yihalem Abebe Belay, Dessie Tarko Ambaw, Lei Si\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s13561-025-00683-y\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Ethiopia, limited use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) contributes to unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and preventable maternal deaths. Despite their proven effectiveness, LARCs remain underutilized. Evidence on women's preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) is scarce. This study examined women's stated preferences, WTP, and trade-offs regarding LARC use in Gondar.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 344 contraceptive users, generating 8,256 observations. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) with 24 choice tasks, divided into two blocks, was employed. Each task presented two unlabeled alternatives defined by six key attributes, identified through literature review and expert consultation. Data were analyzed using mixed logit models to estimate preference strength and WTP based on model coefficients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis revealed that provider type significantly influenced women's preferences. Women showed the highest WTP for LARCs provided by midwives [528 ETB (10.15 USD)], compared to services offered by doctors [285 ETB (5.48 USD)] and health officers [215 ETB (4.13 USD)]. Preferences were also shaped by side-effect profiles: methods associated with slight weight gain [155 ETB (2.98 USD)], high effectiveness [80 ETB (1.54 USD)], and absence of bleeding [74 ETB (1.43 USD)] were positively valued. Conversely, heavy menstrual bleeding led to the largest reduction in WTP [-688 ETB (-13.24 USD)], indicating a significant barrier to LARC uptake. Longer-acting methods also reduced WTP [-139 ETB (-2.68 USD)], possibly reflecting concerns about long-term commitment or side effects. Cost sensitivity was evident, as increases of 100 ETB (1.92 USD) or 500 ETB (9.92 USD) further reduced uptake likelihood.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Women's preferences for LARCs are influenced by provider type, side effects, and cost. Enhancing LARC services by prioritizing midwife-led delivery, addressing side effects such as heavy menstrual bleeding, and considering women's WTP can increase uptake. These findings highlight the need for affordable, user-centered contraceptive services in Ethiopia.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":46936,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Health Economics Review\",\"volume\":\"15 1\",\"pages\":\"86\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-10-21\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12538984/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Health Economics Review\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"96\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-025-00683-y\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"经济学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ECONOMICS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Health Economics Review","FirstCategoryId":"96","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-025-00683-y","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ECONOMICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
Understanding women's preferences for long-acting reversible contraceptives in Gondar, Ethiopia: a discrete choice experiment.
Background: In Ethiopia, limited use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) contributes to unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and preventable maternal deaths. Despite their proven effectiveness, LARCs remain underutilized. Evidence on women's preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) is scarce. This study examined women's stated preferences, WTP, and trade-offs regarding LARC use in Gondar.
Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 344 contraceptive users, generating 8,256 observations. A discrete choice experiment (DCE) with 24 choice tasks, divided into two blocks, was employed. Each task presented two unlabeled alternatives defined by six key attributes, identified through literature review and expert consultation. Data were analyzed using mixed logit models to estimate preference strength and WTP based on model coefficients.
Results: The analysis revealed that provider type significantly influenced women's preferences. Women showed the highest WTP for LARCs provided by midwives [528 ETB (10.15 USD)], compared to services offered by doctors [285 ETB (5.48 USD)] and health officers [215 ETB (4.13 USD)]. Preferences were also shaped by side-effect profiles: methods associated with slight weight gain [155 ETB (2.98 USD)], high effectiveness [80 ETB (1.54 USD)], and absence of bleeding [74 ETB (1.43 USD)] were positively valued. Conversely, heavy menstrual bleeding led to the largest reduction in WTP [-688 ETB (-13.24 USD)], indicating a significant barrier to LARC uptake. Longer-acting methods also reduced WTP [-139 ETB (-2.68 USD)], possibly reflecting concerns about long-term commitment or side effects. Cost sensitivity was evident, as increases of 100 ETB (1.92 USD) or 500 ETB (9.92 USD) further reduced uptake likelihood.
Conclusion: Women's preferences for LARCs are influenced by provider type, side effects, and cost. Enhancing LARC services by prioritizing midwife-led delivery, addressing side effects such as heavy menstrual bleeding, and considering women's WTP can increase uptake. These findings highlight the need for affordable, user-centered contraceptive services in Ethiopia.
期刊介绍：
Health Economics Review is an international high-quality journal covering all fields of Health Economics. A broad range of theoretical contributions, empirical studies and analyses of health policy with a health economic focus will be considered for publication. Its scope includes macro- and microeconomics of health care financing, health insurance and reimbursement as well as health economic evaluation, health services research and health policy analysis. Further research topics are the individual and institutional aspects of health care management and the growing importance of health care in developing countries.
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