Dual-bonded black phosphorus composites with P–C and P–S linkages for high-performance lithium-ion batteries

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) attract widespread attention as promising energy storage devices owing to their superior energy density, excellent cycle life, and absence of memory effect. However, they still encounter challenges in high-rate performance and structural stability, necessitating further optimization. This study focuses on a composite anode material constructed from black phosphorus (BP), tungsten disulfide (WS₂), and ultra-high-purity whisker carbon nanotubes (UWCNTs) (BP-WS₂-UWCNTs). The research investigates the regulatory effects of phosphorus–carbon (P–C) and phosphorus–sulfur (P–S) bonds at the material interface on electrochemical performance. Characterization indicates the establishment of P–C and P–S bonds at the composite interface, which enhance structural integrity and improve electron/ion transport capabilities. Electrochemical performance evaluations validate the combined effect of these interfacial bonds: at 2.0 A g⁻¹, the BP-WS₂-UWCNTs anode delivers 605.8 mAh g⁻¹ for 2000 cycles, and retains 252.2 mAh g⁻¹ after 3000 cycles even at 15.0 A g⁻¹, exhibiting remarkable rate performance and prolonged cycling durability. In practical applications of LIBs, the composite anode maintains robust structural integrity and outstanding electrochemical performance. This work highlights that the combined effect of interfacial P–C and P–S chemical linkages effectively facilitates lithium-ion diffusion and stabilizes the electrode structure, offering valuable insights and viable strategies for advancing high-capacity anode design in LIBs.