Progress in Contactless 3D Printing and 2D Material Integration for Next-Generation Electrochemical Sensing Applications

The convergence of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials and additive manufacturing has emerged as a transformative frontier in materials science and advanced fabrication techniques. This review systematically examines the integration of 2D materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and MXenes, with 3D printing technologies, highlighting their synergistic potential in functional applications. We assessed the structural, electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of 2D materials that render them ideal for engineered inks, along with key three-dimensional (3D) printing approaches (inkjet, extrusion, and stereolithography) optimized for processing these nanomaterials. Critical challenges in ink design, including rheological control, interfacial engineering, and parameter optimization, were analyzed to bridge synthesis strategies with scalable fabrication. State-of-the-art applications in energy storage, flexible electronics, sensing, and high-performance composites have demonstrated the versatility of 3D-printed 2D architectures. Emerging opportunities in multimaterial printing, algorithmic-driven manufacturing, and sustainable production are outlined to address the current limitations in resolution, scalability, and functional integration. By integrating the progress and prospects across disciplines, this review provides a roadmap for the advancement of 2D material-enabled 3D printing in next-generation technologies.