The isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from the endocarp of Cocos nucifera

Coconuts are one of nature’s toughest lignocellulosic materials, possessing a fracture toughness on par with dentin and a compressive strength ten times that of bamboo. The coconut’s hierarchical structure has been characterized before, except prior studies left out one key aspect, the smallest length scales, approaching the molecular level. Here we exfoliate the hard shell of Cocos nucifera, revealing the true cellular organization and the dimensions of the crystalline cellulose nanofibrils found in the cell walls. After chemical pretreatments, we found entanglement between elongated sclereid cells that was not visible in the untreated coconut shell. This may contribute to the mechanical performance of the endocarp; it also utilizes elongated, high-aspect ratio structural elements at the cellular level, in addition to the nanofibrillar level previously known. Compared to other wood-like materials, the cellulose nanofibrils were shorter and represented a smaller weight fraction. This reduced length and the lower filler-to-matrix ratio could be the optimal lignocellulosic nanostructure for tough biomaterials. These newly discovered unique features explain how the endocarp of Cocos nucifera mechanically outperforms materials consisting of the same molecular components.