Towards a nuanced application of the established hierarchy integrating specific adaptations to nanomaterial risk management: comment on the article by Omari Shekaftik et al. (J Nanopart Res (2023) 25, 245) regarding an analysis of “hierarchy of controls” in workplaces and laboratories involving nanomaterials

The article by Omari Shekaftik, Golbabaei, and SheikhMozafari (J Nanopart Res 25(12):245, 2023) proposes a revised hierarchy of control measures in the context of occupational exposure to nanomaterials, prioritizing personal protective equipment (PPE) over traditional collective and elimination-based measures. While the authors argue that certain conventional approaches are impractical for nanomaterial-related environments, this perspective presents also critical drawbacks. The current commentary aims to examine the limitations of these revised changes. Four key points that challenge the inversion of the established hierarchy of controls are highlighted, notably the underestimation of elimination and substitution, and the questionable downgrading of engineering controls. While nanomaterials do present unique challenges, we argue that these do not justify a reversal of a model designed to reduce reliance on individual behavior and instead prioritize systematic protections. This commentary calls for a nuanced application of the established hierarchy, integrating adaptations where necessary while maintaining its fundamental principles. Ultimately, ensuring effective risk management requires maintaining a structured and evidence-based prevention strategy tailored to the specificities of nanomaterial exposure.