PFAS in Bottled Water from China: High prevalence of Ultrashort-chain Compounds, Health Risks, and Global Insights

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants, with drinking water serving as a major human exposure pathway. This study analyzed 52 bottled water products across China for 50 PFAS analytes, covering ultrashort-chain, short-chain, long-chain compounds, and precursors. A total of 21 PFAS were detected, with Σ₂₁PFAS concentrations ranging from 2.69 to 97.0 ng/L. Ultrashort-chain PFAS, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA), were the most abundant with median concentrations of 7.40 and 3.98 ng/L. PFAS levels varied notably across product types, water sources and treatment. Spring water showed the highest average Σ₂₁PFAS concentration (37.5 ng/L), likely due to shallow, surface-impacted sources and minimal treatment. In contrast, lower levels were observed in mineral and purified waters, especially those from deeper aquifers or with reverse osmosis (RO) treatment. Risk quotient analysis indicated that, apart from PFOA and PFOS, most PFAS posed low to very low health risks under existing guidelines. Additionally, a global synthesis further revealed rising levels of ultrashort-chain PFAA and precursors, suggesting a shifting PFAS exposure profile. These findings underscore the need for expanded monitoring, toxicity evaluation, and regulatory frameworks that account for overlooked PFAS classes in drinking water supplies.