Spirulina (Arthrospira), as feed additive in finfish and shellfish aquaculture

As the production of fish and shellfish is increasing, and the price of fishmeal is high cheaper suitable alternatives must be evaluated. Spirulina (Arthrospira), a filamentous blue-green microalgae, reported worldwide in fresh and marine waters, could be an alternative protein- and vitamins source. According to the Web of Science using the key words Spirulina and aquaculture 640 studies have been published on the topic since the first study was published by Stanley and Jones in 1976. Some microalgae including Spirulina contain several bioactive phytochemicals that exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties. Based on this, numerous studies have revealed that the supplementation of Spirulina to several fish and shellfish species improve growth performance, enhance cellular and humoral immunities, modulate the gut microbiota composition and improve disease resistance towards pathogenic infection (Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria). This review article evaluates the supplementation of Spirulina as a functional feed additive in sustainable fish and shellfish aquaculture.