Real-time detection and removal of hexavalent chromium: current innovations and future perspectives in scalable and sustainable environmental remediation.

Rising levels of hazardous hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in environment, caused by urbanisation and industrialisation, have become a major global issue in recent decades. Its environmental persistence shows a significant hazard to ecosystems and human health and necessitate for effective monitoring and remediation techniques in both academia and industry. Therefore, the present review explores recent and innovative advancement in real-time detection and degradation of Cr(VI) with a particular focus on scalable and sustainable technology. Improved environmental monitoring and risk management are made possible by new technologies like nanobiosensors, which have great sensitivity and quick on-site detection capabilities. The present review primarily provides thorough analysis of the use of cutting-edge and novel nanobiosensors with their complex mechanism, efficacy, and scalability in hexavalent chromium detection. This paper also provides an overview of advanced nanomaterials, highlighting how recent advancements in nanotechnology hold significant potential to tackle critical environmental research. Furthermore, the review also outlines future perspectives on integrating smart sensing technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and genetic engineering with green remediation approaches to develop holistic, cost-effective solutions which is opening new frontiers in environmental research.