Immune disorders and COVID-19 vaccination: analysing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and cellular immune response.

Introduction: Immune disorders, especially in individuals with humoral deficiencies, pose challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination efficacy in this population remains a critical concern amid circulating misinformation. This study aimed to analyse the post-COVID-19 vaccination immune response in individuals with immune disorders, focusing on humoral deficiency. The goal was to provide essential insights for tailored vaccination strategies.

Material and methods: Tests including Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA, SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA, and Quan-T-Cell SARS-CoV-2 IGRA were conducted on 63 patients with humoral inborn errors of immunity. Statistical analysis employed descriptive statistics and visualizations.

Results: Patients exhibited diverse responses based on immunological diagnoses. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels varied across disorders, with agammaglobulinaemia patients showing lower levels but positive interferon responses. IgG subclass deficiency patients demonstrated robust antibody and neutralizing responses. Other antibody production disorders displayed strong immune reactions. Common variable immunodeficiency patients, particularly adults, exhibited higher antibody levels, increased neutralization, and pronounced interferon responses compared to children.

Conclusions: This study underscores the nuanced immune responses in individuals with diverse immune disorders following COVID-19 vaccination. Insights into specific disorder-related variations provide a foundation for targeted vaccination approaches, contributing to enhanced protection in this vulnerable population.