Analysis of barriers to the implementation of net-zero carbon cities in Iran

Developing countries, such as Iran, face barriers in their efforts to transition towards “net-zero carbon cities” (NZCCs), despite the importance of achieving this goal. It is crucial to examine these barriers. This study aims to identify and analyze the barriers to achieving NZCCs in Iran. After carefully reviewing the literature, an expert survey was conducted to identify barriers and their interlinkages. The literature review and interviews informed the selection of a list of barriers. Next, a survey was conducted to identify linkages between the barriers based on Interpretive Structural Modeling and MICMAC analysis. The results reveal that the “Lack of comprehensive policies” is the most important barrier to realizing NZCCs in Iran. Other important barriers in the hierarchical model are “Lack of public awareness”, “Lack of investment in energy technologies”, “Inappropriate land use pattern”, “Low price of fossil fuels”, and “ Limited active transport infrastructure”. Based on the MICMAC analysis, the study also identifies clusters of driving or dependence power levels among the barriers. The findings of this research can help urban planners and policymakers build strategies to reduce barriers to achieving the vision of NZCCs and promote climate-resilient urban areas in Iran.