Inorganic nanocatalysts for energy systems, environmental/industrial processes and healthcare applications: A comprehensive review

The steadily rising global demand for sustainable energy sources, environmental remediation, and industrial efficiency has propelled significant advancements in nanotechnology, particularly in the manufacturing and application of inorganic nanocatalysts. These nanomaterials, characterized by their massive surface-area (A) -to-volume (V) ratios, unique electronic/chemical properties, and enhanced catalytic activity, have emerged as powerful tools across diverse fields including energy systems, healthcare, environment, agriculture and industry. This comprehensive review systematically explores the latest developments in the fabrication and utilization of inorganic nanocatalysts in various sectors, with a focus on their role in biodiesel production, biological and pharmaceutical applications, environmental clean-up, gas purification, healthcare, hydrogen production, wastewater treatment and other industrial uses. This review not only highlights latest advancements in the applications of inorganic nanocatalysts, but also offers an in‐depth examination of their underlying mechanisms, material design principles, and translational hurdles. By highlighting key breakthroughs and uncovering persisting challenges such as stability, scalability, and life‐cycle sustainability, this article seeks to offer a forward‐looking perspective that can contribute to the innovation of next‐generation nanocatalytic systems that are sustainable, highly efficient, and purposefully engineered for real‐world impact.