Human ecological analysis of conflict toward using natural resources: Evidence from Iran

The use of nature by humans has always been a source of conflict. This study aimed to conduct a human ecological analysis of conflict in the exploitation of Iran's natural resources. The research is qualitative, applied, and descriptive, using the fuzzy WASPAS method. Twenty-six experts were selected via purposeful snowball sampling. Thirty-seven criteria were identified and categorized into three main criteria: human ecology, attitudes of government and beneficiaries, and conflict reduction solutions. Results indicated that lack of managerial knowledge, inappropriate attitudes toward law enforcement, and mistrust between stakeholders are key conflict drivers. For conflict management, structural coherence, participatory management, and qualified personnel are essential. The findings suggest that selecting capable managers, promoting education, and adopting participatory approaches can reduce conflicts. Policymakers can use these results to mitigate human-nature and inter-stakeholder conflicts.