Innovation in inner areas: How Living Labs support green transition and bio-district success

Bio-districts represent an innovative governance tool that fosters cooperation among farmers, institutions, and other local actors to promote environmental sustainability, economic resilience, and social cohesion in rural areas. However their implementation requires the active engagement of farmers, whose willingness to participate is influenced by a range of psychological and institutional factors. This study investigates the factors influencing organic farmers’ intention to join a potential Bio-district in the Calatino area (Sicily, Italy), applying an Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (ETPB) framework that includes Perceived Utility and Trust in Government. A survey was conducted with 143 organic and transitioning farmers. Data were collected through a participatory Living Lab approach, which provided space for dialogue, knowledge exchange, and co-learning. The results show that Attitude (β = 0.649; p < 0.001) and Subjective Norms (β = 0.231; p < 0.01) positively influence the Intention to join the Bio-district, while Perceived Behavioural Control is not significant. Furthermore, Perceived Utility (β = 0.410; p = 0.001) and Trust in Government (β = 0.173; p = 0.055) indirectly influence Intention through Attitude. The participatory approach of the Living Lab facilitated data collection and encouraged farmer involvement, providing a shared learning environment and helping to build trust among local actors. The study offers concrete recommendations for public policy: strengthening institutional trust, communicating the tangible benefits of membership, and adopting participatory tools can promote the adoption of sustainable agricultural models in marginal rural contexts.