Mapping provenance and comprehensive characterization of Indian sandstones

This study explores the characterization of Indian sandstones to facilitate their optimal use in construction and conservation. These sandstones vary significantly in physical, mechanical, and durability properties due to geological and environmental factors. This study emphasizes the criticality of understanding these variations for practical applications such as heritage restoration, cladding, masonry, and tiles. This research specifically focuses on nine representative sandstone types: Agra Red, Jodhpur Beige, Kandla White Beige, Teak Wood, Mandana, Dhrangadhra Pink, Jodhpur Brown, Bansipaharpur and Gwalior Mint, collected from active quarries across different regions of India. Comprehensive testing protocols were employed to assess properties such as density, porosity, compressive strength, water absorption and mineralogy via XRD, SEM, EDS and petrography. Results highlight significant variability in the properties of the sandstones, reinforcing the importance of site-specific characterization. While Agra Red and Mandana sandstones displayed low porosity and high compressive strength, indicating suitability for high-stress applications, others, like Dhrangadhra Pink and Teak Wood sandstones, showed higher water permeability, necessitating careful consideration in water-prone environments. Additionally, the research evaluates compliance with various standards for properties such as water absorption and compressive strength, ensuring the usability of these materials within regulated benchmarks. The mineralogical composition of the sandstones was found to have an effect on the materials’ physical and mechanical properties. The characterization of Indian sandstones serves as a foundational resource for engineers, architects, and conservators, contributing to sustainable construction practices and preserving India’s architectural heritage.