Research progress of sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of protein markers of lung cancer in human serum

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, e underscoring the urgent need for effective early detection methods. The potential of sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensors for the detection of lung cancer protein markers in human serum has been established. The protein markers include Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Cytokeratin-19 fragment, Neuron-specific Enolase and Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide. These immunosensors capitalize on the high specificity of antibody-antigen interactions and employ various signal amplification strategies, including non-bioactive materials and enzyme-based labels. The utilization of labeling techniques has the capacity to enhance sensitivity, reduce detection limits, and improve stability. This article reviews the labels of sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensors for lung cancer protein markers, focusing on design principles, signal transduction mechanisms, and analytical performance. Despite the initial promise demonstrated in laboratory settings, challenges persist in the domains of multi-marker detection, interference resistance in complex samples, and clinical validation. Future efforts should aim toward multiplexed detection, improved real-sample accuracy, and translation into More portable diagnostic devices to facilitate early lung cancer diagnosis and staging.