{"title":"处理可再生能源整合:比利时和法国平衡系统的比较研究","authors":"M. Richard , B. Solier","doi":"10.1016/j.eneco.2025.108938","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rise of renewable energy creates new real-time flexibility challenges for Transmission System Operators (TSOs), affecting the demand for reserve energy. In parallel, reactive and proactive balancing philosophies continue to coexist in Europe. They differ primarily in the incentives provided to Balancing Responsible Parties (BRPs) to support the TSO in actively maintaining system balance, with greater involvement expected under the reactive approach. While there is a harmonization push at the European level towards the reactive model, this study analyzes the impact of renewables on reserve energy demand in two countries relying on contrasting balancing approaches: Belgium’s reactive system and France’s proactive system, which is transitioning to comply with EU directives. Using a SARIMAX model on 2021 data, we find an asymmetrical effect of renewables on reserve energy needs, leading particularly to an increase in downward activation to cope with moments of overproduction. It confirms a pattern already observed in the French context but allows for extending the observation to a very different balancing model, the Belgian one. Additionally, this comparative framework highlights the Belgian reactive model’s greater ability to mitigate the asymmetrical effect. Importantly, we show that this smoother effect observed in Belgium is associated with a lower balancing cost for the TSO relative to load. Finally, we identify market design developments that would mitigate the asymmetric phenomenon in both systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11665,"journal":{"name":"Energy Economics","volume":"151 ","pages":"Article 108938"},"PeriodicalIF":14.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Dealing with renewables integration: A comparative study of Belgian and French balancing systems\",\"authors\":\"M. Richard , B. Solier\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.eneco.2025.108938\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>The rise of renewable energy creates new real-time flexibility challenges for Transmission System Operators (TSOs), affecting the demand for reserve energy. In parallel, reactive and proactive balancing philosophies continue to coexist in Europe. They differ primarily in the incentives provided to Balancing Responsible Parties (BRPs) to support the TSO in actively maintaining system balance, with greater involvement expected under the reactive approach. While there is a harmonization push at the European level towards the reactive model, this study analyzes the impact of renewables on reserve energy demand in two countries relying on contrasting balancing approaches: Belgium’s reactive system and France’s proactive system, which is transitioning to comply with EU directives. Using a SARIMAX model on 2021 data, we find an asymmetrical effect of renewables on reserve energy needs, leading particularly to an increase in downward activation to cope with moments of overproduction. It confirms a pattern already observed in the French context but allows for extending the observation to a very different balancing model, the Belgian one. Additionally, this comparative framework highlights the Belgian reactive model’s greater ability to mitigate the asymmetrical effect. Importantly, we show that this smoother effect observed in Belgium is associated with a lower balancing cost for the TSO relative to load. Finally, we identify market design developments that would mitigate the asymmetric phenomenon in both systems.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":11665,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Energy Economics\",\"volume\":\"151 \",\"pages\":\"Article 108938\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":14.2000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-09-27\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Energy Economics\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"96\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988325007650\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"经济学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ECONOMICS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Energy Economics","FirstCategoryId":"96","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140988325007650","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ECONOMICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
Dealing with renewables integration: A comparative study of Belgian and French balancing systems
The rise of renewable energy creates new real-time flexibility challenges for Transmission System Operators (TSOs), affecting the demand for reserve energy. In parallel, reactive and proactive balancing philosophies continue to coexist in Europe. They differ primarily in the incentives provided to Balancing Responsible Parties (BRPs) to support the TSO in actively maintaining system balance, with greater involvement expected under the reactive approach. While there is a harmonization push at the European level towards the reactive model, this study analyzes the impact of renewables on reserve energy demand in two countries relying on contrasting balancing approaches: Belgium’s reactive system and France’s proactive system, which is transitioning to comply with EU directives. Using a SARIMAX model on 2021 data, we find an asymmetrical effect of renewables on reserve energy needs, leading particularly to an increase in downward activation to cope with moments of overproduction. It confirms a pattern already observed in the French context but allows for extending the observation to a very different balancing model, the Belgian one. Additionally, this comparative framework highlights the Belgian reactive model’s greater ability to mitigate the asymmetrical effect. Importantly, we show that this smoother effect observed in Belgium is associated with a lower balancing cost for the TSO relative to load. Finally, we identify market design developments that would mitigate the asymmetric phenomenon in both systems.
期刊介绍:
Energy Economics is a field journal that focuses on energy economics and energy finance. It covers various themes including the exploitation, conversion, and use of energy, markets for energy commodities and derivatives, regulation and taxation, forecasting, environment and climate, international trade, development, and monetary policy. The journal welcomes contributions that utilize diverse methods such as experiments, surveys, econometrics, decomposition, simulation models, equilibrium models, optimization models, and analytical models. It publishes a combination of papers employing different methods to explore a wide range of topics. The journal's replication policy encourages the submission of replication studies, wherein researchers reproduce and extend the key results of original studies while explaining any differences. Energy Economics is indexed and abstracted in several databases including Environmental Abstracts, Fuel and Energy Abstracts, Social Sciences Citation Index, GEOBASE, Social & Behavioral Sciences, Journal of Economic Literature, INSPEC, and more.