Research progress in two-dimensional materials

Since the discovery of graphene, two-dimensional (2D) materials have become a research hotspot in the fields of materials science, condensed matter physics, and nanotechnology. This article systematically reviews the structural characteristics, performance regulation methods, and application progress of 2D materials in fields such as electronics, magnetism, optics, and catalysis. The unique physical and chemical properties of typical 2D materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and black phosphorus (BP) were discussed in detail, as well as the control of their magnetic, electronic structure, and optical properties through strain engineering, doping, interface effects, and other methods. In addition, this article summarizes the potential applications of 2D materials in spintronic devices, optoelectronic devices, energy storage and conversion, and analyzes the challenges currently faced in research, such as air stability and room temperature magnetic realization. Finally, the future development direction of 2D materials was discussed, including breakthroughs in multifunctional heterojunction design, high-performance device integration, and large-scale fabrication technology.