Emerging trends in 2D nanostructured electrode materials as enzyme-mimicking glucose sensors for biomedical diagnostics: a comprehensive review

The development of nonenzymatic glucose sensors for biomedical diagnostics has gained new momentum due to recent developments in two-dimensional (2D) nanostructured materials. Two dimensional (2D) materials, these include transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), MXenes, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and graphene-based composites, are perfect candidates for enzyme-mimicking glucose detection because of their distinctive physicochemical characteristics, which include high surface area, a large signal to noise ratio (S/N), excellent electrical conductivity, higher thermal stability, and an abundance of active sites. This review emphasizes the new approaches to creating 2D nanostructured electrodes that mimic the catalytic activity of natural enzymes, with an emphasis on structural alterations, synthesis techniques, and electrochemical platform integration. Critical evaluation is done on the performance metrics, which include linear response ranges, sensitivity, detection limits, and selectivity in complex biological matrices of blood serum and urine samples. Additionally, the difficulties and potential for clinical translation of these biosensing platforms are also examined in detail. The revolutionary potential of 2D nanomaterials in developing next-generation, dependable, and reasonably priced glucose sensors for real-time biomedical diagnostics is highlighted by this comprehensive review.

Graphical Abstract