Characterization of a novel phage vB_YenP_WW2 for the inhibition against Yersinia enterocolitica biofilm and application in raw meat and milk

Yersinia enterocolitica is a significant zoonotic pathogen that causes severe gastrointestinal disease. In this study, vB_YenP_WW2 (WW2), a novel bacteriophage specific to Y. enterocolitica, was isolated and characterized. Stability analysis revealed that WW2 can retain its activity across a wide range of pH (4–12) and temperatures (4–60 °C). Host range analysis showed that WW2 exhibits broad lytic activity against various Y. enterocolitica strains, with a lysis rate of 27 %. Within 3 h, WW2 effectively reduced the bacterial load in raw meat and milk to undetectable levels. Additionally, WW2 significantly inhibited biofilm formation on polyethylene over 36 h and reduced biofilm formation by 70 % on stainless steel after 18 h of incubation. Compared to previously reported Y. enterocolitica phages, WW2 displayed a shorter latent period and stronger preventive effects against both Y. enterocolitica and its biofilms. These results suggested that WW2 holds promise as a novel antimicrobial agent against Y. enterocolitica.