Advancements and Obstacles in Sweat-Based Biosensors for Health Monitoring.

The creation of wearable biosensors has greatly progressed noninvasive health monitoring, providing immediate insights into biochemical and biophysical processes. Among various biofluids, sweat stands out as a remarkable medium because of its easy accessibility and diverse biomarker profile, allowing for the possibility of ongoing health evaluations outside of traditional clinical environments. Recent advancements in material science, flexible electronics, and biosensor technologies have significantly advanced sweat-based wearable biosensors, enabling the smooth incorporation of sensors into patches, tattoos, clothing, and accessories. These devices, designed to detect ions, metabolites, hormones, and various biomolecules, show great potential for monitoring metabolic, physiological, and environmental indicators associated with health and wellness. Traditional methods for sweat sampling depended significantly on laboratory tools and had restricted biosensing abilities; nonetheless, innovative microfluidic systems now allow for immediate, on-skin collection and analysis of sweat in real time. This review explores the progress in sensor technologies-including colorimetric, potentiometric, and amperometric methods-that enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and durability of biosensors based on sweat analysis. Hybrid platforms that integrate electrochemical and optical sensors demonstrate significant potential in the analysis of multiple biomarkers, facilitating advancements in personalized health monitoring, chronic disease management, and performance tracking. Nonetheless, obstacles persist, such as sensor reliability, biofouling, fluctuations in the environment, and precision of data, especially in changing conditions. In tackling these challenges, the review delves into advancements in substrate materials, electrode fabrication, and microfluidic handling systems. Furthermore, it explores the incorporation of machine learning to improve data processing, the creation of self-sustaining systems through biofuel cells and triboelectric nanogenerators, and strategies for commercialization to facilitate widespread consumer acceptance. Future perspectives envision wearable sweat sensors integrating with medical diagnostics and real-time treatment options, ultimately enhancing personalized and accessible healthcare.