Alexia Laplanche, Florence Guida, Monika Moissonnier, Ludivine Launay, Remi Beranger, Isabelle Lagroye, Rosa Orlacchio, Maëlle Fontaine, Serge Bories, Taghrid Mazloum, Emmanuelle Conil, Anke Huss, Joe Wiart, Aurélie Danjou, Joachim Schüz, Olivier Dejardin, Isabelle Deltour
{"title":"个人和地理空间特征与移动电话接收的4G信号功率之间的关系。","authors":"Alexia Laplanche, Florence Guida, Monika Moissonnier, Ludivine Launay, Remi Beranger, Isabelle Lagroye, Rosa Orlacchio, Maëlle Fontaine, Serge Bories, Taghrid Mazloum, Emmanuelle Conil, Anke Huss, Joe Wiart, Aurélie Danjou, Joachim Schüz, Olivier Dejardin, Isabelle Deltour","doi":"10.1016/j.envres.2025.123030","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measures downlink signal intensity received by smartphones in 4<sup>th</sup> Generation LTE networks.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated how individual, technical, and spatial factors influenced LTE-RSSI during daily activities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between November 2022 and October 2023, adults in France used the XMobiSensePlus Android smartphone application to record RSSI and GPS data. Distance to the operator's nearest antenna, obtained from Cartoradio, population and antenna density and urbanicity were analyzed using a geographic information system. Determinants of RSSI were assessed using an autoregressive mixed model incorporating restricted cubic splines for distance. Environmental exposures were estimated at 1800 MHz using conversion factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 1,969,913 records of 187 participants, with measurements taken every 30 seconds over 7.9 days, the average LTE-RSSI was -79.3 dBm. The estimated electric field strength was 0.12 V/m, albeit with large uncertainty. The median distance to the nearest antenna was 536 m. Proximity to antennas increased RSSI. Antenna density positively influenced RSSI (overall β = +0.37 dBm per additional antenna per km<sup>2</sup>). Lower RSSI was observed in the evening and night, particularly in urban areas. Smartphone's technical parameters (Android version and System-on-a-Chip) influenced RSSI, operators did not. Proximity to antennas had greater impact in rural areas.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Urbanicity, distance to the nearest 4G antenna, antenna density, time of day, and smartphone's technical parameters influenced RSSI levels in 4G networks in France, but not operator.</p>","PeriodicalId":312,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Research","volume":" ","pages":"123030"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Associations between Individual and Geospatial Characteristics and Power of 4G Signals Received by Mobile Phones.\",\"authors\":\"Alexia Laplanche, Florence Guida, Monika Moissonnier, Ludivine Launay, Remi Beranger, Isabelle Lagroye, Rosa Orlacchio, Maëlle Fontaine, Serge Bories, Taghrid Mazloum, Emmanuelle Conil, Anke Huss, Joe Wiart, Aurélie Danjou, Joachim Schüz, Olivier Dejardin, Isabelle Deltour\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.envres.2025.123030\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measures downlink signal intensity received by smartphones in 4<sup>th</sup> Generation LTE networks.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated how individual, technical, and spatial factors influenced LTE-RSSI during daily activities.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Between November 2022 and October 2023, adults in France used the XMobiSensePlus Android smartphone application to record RSSI and GPS data. Distance to the operator's nearest antenna, obtained from Cartoradio, population and antenna density and urbanicity were analyzed using a geographic information system. Determinants of RSSI were assessed using an autoregressive mixed model incorporating restricted cubic splines for distance. Environmental exposures were estimated at 1800 MHz using conversion factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From 1,969,913 records of 187 participants, with measurements taken every 30 seconds over 7.9 days, the average LTE-RSSI was -79.3 dBm. The estimated electric field strength was 0.12 V/m, albeit with large uncertainty. The median distance to the nearest antenna was 536 m. Proximity to antennas increased RSSI. Antenna density positively influenced RSSI (overall β = +0.37 dBm per additional antenna per km<sup>2</sup>). Lower RSSI was observed in the evening and night, particularly in urban areas. Smartphone's technical parameters (Android version and System-on-a-Chip) influenced RSSI, operators did not. Proximity to antennas had greater impact in rural areas.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Urbanicity, distance to the nearest 4G antenna, antenna density, time of day, and smartphone's technical parameters influenced RSSI levels in 4G networks in France, but not operator.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":312,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Environmental Research\",\"volume\":\" \",\"pages\":\"123030\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":7.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-10-06\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Environmental Research\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"93\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123030\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"环境科学与生态学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental Research","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.123030","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
Associations between Individual and Geospatial Characteristics and Power of 4G Signals Received by Mobile Phones.
Background: The Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) measures downlink signal intensity received by smartphones in 4th Generation LTE networks.
Objective: This study evaluated how individual, technical, and spatial factors influenced LTE-RSSI during daily activities.
Methods: Between November 2022 and October 2023, adults in France used the XMobiSensePlus Android smartphone application to record RSSI and GPS data. Distance to the operator's nearest antenna, obtained from Cartoradio, population and antenna density and urbanicity were analyzed using a geographic information system. Determinants of RSSI were assessed using an autoregressive mixed model incorporating restricted cubic splines for distance. Environmental exposures were estimated at 1800 MHz using conversion factors.
Results: From 1,969,913 records of 187 participants, with measurements taken every 30 seconds over 7.9 days, the average LTE-RSSI was -79.3 dBm. The estimated electric field strength was 0.12 V/m, albeit with large uncertainty. The median distance to the nearest antenna was 536 m. Proximity to antennas increased RSSI. Antenna density positively influenced RSSI (overall β = +0.37 dBm per additional antenna per km2). Lower RSSI was observed in the evening and night, particularly in urban areas. Smartphone's technical parameters (Android version and System-on-a-Chip) influenced RSSI, operators did not. Proximity to antennas had greater impact in rural areas.
Conclusion: Urbanicity, distance to the nearest 4G antenna, antenna density, time of day, and smartphone's technical parameters influenced RSSI levels in 4G networks in France, but not operator.
期刊介绍：
The Environmental Research journal presents a broad range of interdisciplinary research, focused on addressing worldwide environmental concerns and featuring innovative findings. Our publication strives to explore relevant anthropogenic issues across various environmental sectors, showcasing practical applications in real-life settings.
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