Advanced alginate-pectin-cellulose microbeads for biofertilizer encapsulation in sustainable potato cultivation

We explored the development and characterization of a novel polymeric microbead delivery system comprising alginate (Alg), pectin (Pec), and cellulose (Cellu) for the encapsulation of biofertilizers—vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and molasses. The polymer composite was designed to provide controlled release and enhanced protection for biofertilizers, improving nutrient delivery and plant growth in potato (Solanum tuberosum). The Alg/Pec/Cellu microbeads were extensively characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and swelling studies to assess their structural, chemical, and thermal properties. FTIR confirmed the presence of key functional groups, while SEM revealed detailed surface morphology. TGA demonstrated that the polymer composite improved thermal stability, particularly in formulations loaded with biofertilizers, and swelling tests indicated that the polymer matrix provided controlled water absorption, facilitating sustained release of nutrients. The encapsulated biofertilizers showed enhanced performance compared to free additions, resulting in significantly improved nutrient uptake, tuber yield, and biochemical composition. This novel polymer composite not only protects biofertilizers from environmental stress but also enhances their efficacy through controlled-release mechanisms. Our findings highlight the potential of Alg/Pec/Cellu microbeads as an innovative, sustainable approach for biofertilizer delivery, offering significant advantages for agricultural applications. We demonstrates the value of polymer composite optimization in enhancing the stability and functionality of encapsulated biofertilizers, with implications for broader agricultural and environmental sustainability efforts.