Prussian blue analogues and their derivatives for electrochemical energy conversion

As a class of structurally tunable porous materials, Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) have attracted increasing interest in electrocatalysis due to their tunable structures, abundant active sites, and robust chemical stability. Nevertheless, their inherently low conductivity and limited utilization of catalytic sites continue to impede their large-scale practical applications. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in structural engineering strategies designed to enhance the electrocatalytic performance of PBAs, including heteroatom doping, composite architecture construction, and nanoscale design. Particular emphasis is placed on elucidating the intrinsic relationship between structural modifications and catalytic activity. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms and performance enhancement strategies of various PBA-based materials are systematically discussed across key electrocatalytic processes, including the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR). Finally, the review highlights the potential of structure optimization in driving the development of PBAs for green energy conversion and storage applications.