Gender differences in building modifications in New York City

Using extensive datasets from New York City covering the period between 2000 and 2021, this study examines gender-based differences in spending decisions related to building modifications. We find that female owners tend to undertake fewer and less costly modifications compared to their male counterparts. On average, women spend 7 %, or $7117 less on modifications. This trend is most pronounced in recent years and in relatively less valuable buildings. Overall, our study highlights significant differences in spending behavior between genders, which are of interest to both academics and policymakers when designing future policies aimed at promoting gender equality.