Nonaqueous electrochemistry of prussian blue analogs: Synthesis, fundamental studies, and applications in battery chemistry

Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) are metal-inorganic frameworks that are ubiquitous in electrochemical sensing, electrocatalysis, and most recently in the spotlight, energy storage and conversion for alternative battery systems. This review compiles a comprehensive summary of PBA nonaqueous synthesis, their employment as cathodes and anodes in PBA-based alkali, alkaline earth, Group 13, and late transition metal batteries, and unique to this article, a chronological account of the fundamental nonaqueous electrochemical characterization of PBAs, much of which precedes the research on PBAs as electrodes for secondary battery technology. While Li-based systems are included for PBA anodes due to a dearth of anode studies, we omit Li-based cathodes to focus on technologies moving cathode architectures away from Li-ion usage. In addition to a comprehensive summary of fundamentals and battery applications, we provide key takeaways that hopefully assist this field in further evolution.