Chronic alcohol drinking delays recovery from capsaicin- and nerve injury-induced hypersensitivity in mice

Chronic pain and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are major health concerns that significantly impair quality of life. Persistent pain is common in individuals with alcohol dependence, and alcohol is commonly used by chronic pain patients for self-medication. The neural mechanisms linking these conditions remain unclear. We hypothesized that chronic alcohol exposure induces hypersensitivity in multiple modalities and increases the duration of recovery in acute and persistent pain models. Using the two-bottle free-choice alcohol consumption paradigm in adult mice, alcohol-induced hypersensitivity (AIH), indicated by reduced mechanical withdrawal thresholds, developed after 4–6 weeks of alcohol consumption compared to age- and sex-matched water-consuming controls. Alcohol-consuming female mice, but not male mice, developed cold hypersensitivity after AIH emerged. To assess the impact of chronic alcohol consumption on acute and persistent pain, we used intraplantar capsaicin and sciatic nerve crush models, respectively. In the capsaicin model, water-treated, but not alcohol-treated, mice recovered from hypersensitivity by 24 h post-injection. In the sciatic nerve crush model, alcohol-consuming mice exhibited slower recovery of mechanical withdrawal thresholds compared to water-consuming controls. While mechanical hypersensitivity in water-consuming mice returned to pre-surgical thresholds by 3–4 weeks post-surgery, recovery in alcohol-consuming mice was both delayed and partial. Surgical intervention did not impact alcohol intake. Overall, our results suggest that chronic voluntary alcohol consumption facilitates the transition to chronic pain by prolonging hypersensitivity and delaying recovery from injuries.