Genomic Insights into Convergent Evolution: Adaptation to Rocky Habitats in Rock-inhabiting Fungi.

Rock-inhabiting fungi (RIF), obligate colonizers of bare rocks, are primarily distributed across two major phylogenetic classes: Dothideomycetes and Eurotiomycetes. These fungi display striking convergence in morphology and physiology, characterized by meristematic growth, melanized cell walls, and extreme stress tolerance. However, the genomic underpinnings of this adaptive convergence remain poorly understood. Here, through comparative genomic analysis of nine RIF and eighteen non-RIF fungi, we revealed that RIF possess compact, gene-dense genomes marked by contraction of genes involved in nutrient uptake and secondary metabolism, alongside expansions in cell wall biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and stress-responsive pathways. We identified two genes under positive selection across multiple RIF lineages: Ino80 ATPase (chromatin remodeling) and the ER chaperone BiP (protein folding). Further evidence of convergence was found in the mannosyltransferase Mnn9, a key enzyme in cell wall assembly, where two RIF-specific amino acid substitutions were predicted to enhance protein stability. Additionally, a unique Mnn9-like clade has expanded exclusively in RIF. RNAi-mediated knockdown of an Mnn9-like gene in Rachicladosporium sp. confirmed its role in cell wall mannosylation, osmotic stress response, and the transition from meristematic to filamentous growth. Our findings elucidate a set of common genomic adaptations and highlight the specialized evolution of the Mnn9 family in driving the convergent success of phylogenetically diverse RIF in rocky environments.