Mariam K. Alamoudi, Niyaz Ahmad, Khalid Ansari, Rana M. Aldossari, Mohammed Saifuddin Khalid, Zabih Ullah, Hanan Mesfer Alyami, Ali Jaber Alqahtani, Ahmed Merghani, Sarfaraz Ahmad, Anzarul Haque
{"title":"百里醌负载纳米乳凝胶促进伤口愈合和抗炎功效的比较皮肤动力学评价","authors":"Mariam K. Alamoudi, Niyaz Ahmad, Khalid Ansari, Rana M. Aldossari, Mohammed Saifuddin Khalid, Zabih Ullah, Hanan Mesfer Alyami, Ali Jaber Alqahtani, Ahmed Merghani, Sarfaraz Ahmad, Anzarul Haque","doi":"10.1007/s00289-025-05922-0","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>This study aims to design, formulate, and assess a Thymoquinone (TQN)-loaded nanoemulsion, which is further transformed into a nanoemulgel to enhance solubility, improve skin penetration with dermatokinetic properties, and optimize its topical application for wound healing and anti-inflammatory treatment. Since TQN has limited or poor water solubility, its therapeutic efficacy is directly impacted. Therefore, developing a TQN-NE gel is essential to enhance transdermal delivery.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The TQN-loaded nanoemulsion (TQN-NE) was formulated using the aqueous microtitration method, incorporating Labrafil®M2125, i.e., oil, Tween 80, i.e., surfactant, and plurol oleique i.e., co-surfactant. To improve retention time for topical use, the nanoemulsion was combined with a carbopol 934-based gel, resulting in a nanoemulgel. Both nanoemulsion and nanoemulgel were analyzed by various parameters, including thermodynamic-stability, globule–size, physical–properties, pH, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), drug content, rheological properties, permeation via skin, in vitro drug release, viscosity, -spreadability, shear stress, -bioadhesive strength, -swelling index, and adhesive force.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The TQN-NE6 formulation resulted in a transparent, stable, and well-defined nanoemulsion with an average droplet/globule size of 151.7 ± 5.93 nm, a ZP of − 18.10 ± 2.61 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.197 ± 0.061. The Thymoquinone nanoemulsion gel (TQN-NE-Gel) exhibited a mean droplet size of 172.32 ± 6.94 nm, a PDI of 0.126 ± 0.123, a ZP of − 23.30 ± 0.45 mV, and a pH of 6.66 ± 0.08. It also demonstrated a viscosity of 5424 cP at 100 rpm and a spreadability factor of 0.129 ± 0.09 cm<sup>2</sup>/g, along with enhanced mucoadhesive strength and a smooth, spherical shape confirmed by TEM analysis. The optimized TQN-NE-Gel formulation significantly improved skin permeation, with dermatokinetic analysis showing a notable (<i>p</i> < 0.001) enhance in C<sub>max</sub> and AUC<sub>0–8 h</sub> in treated skin compared to conventional TQN gel. Additionally, the optimized TQN-NE-Gel demonstrated superior wound healing efficacy upon topical application. No signs of inflammatory cell infiltration were observed post-treatment, confirming the formulation’s safety and non-toxic nature.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>A novel TQN-NE-Gel was successfully developed, demonstrating enhanced solubility and improved skin permeation of Thymoquinone. The formulation exhibited superior efficacy in promoting wound healing and providing anti-inflammatory effects when applied topically. TQN-NE-Gel serves as an effective carrier for the Thymoquinone, facilitating improved transdermal delivery and therapeutic potential in future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":737,"journal":{"name":"Polymer Bulletin","volume":"82 14","pages":"9581 - 9621"},"PeriodicalIF":4.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A comparative dermatokinetic evaluation of thymoquinone-loaded nanoemulsion gel for enhanced wound healing and anti-inflammatory efficacy\",\"authors\":\"Mariam K. Alamoudi, Niyaz Ahmad, Khalid Ansari, Rana M. 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To improve retention time for topical use, the nanoemulsion was combined with a carbopol 934-based gel, resulting in a nanoemulgel. Both nanoemulsion and nanoemulgel were analyzed by various parameters, including thermodynamic-stability, globule–size, physical–properties, pH, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), drug content, rheological properties, permeation via skin, in vitro drug release, viscosity, -spreadability, shear stress, -bioadhesive strength, -swelling index, and adhesive force.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The TQN-NE6 formulation resulted in a transparent, stable, and well-defined nanoemulsion with an average droplet/globule size of 151.7 ± 5.93 nm, a ZP of − 18.10 ± 2.61 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.197 ± 0.061. The Thymoquinone nanoemulsion gel (TQN-NE-Gel) exhibited a mean droplet size of 172.32 ± 6.94 nm, a PDI of 0.126 ± 0.123, a ZP of − 23.30 ± 0.45 mV, and a pH of 6.66 ± 0.08. It also demonstrated a viscosity of 5424 cP at 100 rpm and a spreadability factor of 0.129 ± 0.09 cm<sup>2</sup>/g, along with enhanced mucoadhesive strength and a smooth, spherical shape confirmed by TEM analysis. The optimized TQN-NE-Gel formulation significantly improved skin permeation, with dermatokinetic analysis showing a notable (<i>p</i> < 0.001) enhance in C<sub>max</sub> and AUC<sub>0–8 h</sub> in treated skin compared to conventional TQN gel. Additionally, the optimized TQN-NE-Gel demonstrated superior wound healing efficacy upon topical application. No signs of inflammatory cell infiltration were observed post-treatment, confirming the formulation’s safety and non-toxic nature.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>A novel TQN-NE-Gel was successfully developed, demonstrating enhanced solubility and improved skin permeation of Thymoquinone. The formulation exhibited superior efficacy in promoting wound healing and providing anti-inflammatory effects when applied topically. TQN-NE-Gel serves as an effective carrier for the Thymoquinone, facilitating improved transdermal delivery and therapeutic potential in future.</p></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":737,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Polymer Bulletin\",\"volume\":\"82 14\",\"pages\":\"9581 - 9621\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-07-07\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Polymer Bulletin\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"92\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00289-025-05922-0\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"化学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"POLYMER SCIENCE\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Polymer Bulletin","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00289-025-05922-0","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"POLYMER SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
A comparative dermatokinetic evaluation of thymoquinone-loaded nanoemulsion gel for enhanced wound healing and anti-inflammatory efficacy
Purpose
This study aims to design, formulate, and assess a Thymoquinone (TQN)-loaded nanoemulsion, which is further transformed into a nanoemulgel to enhance solubility, improve skin penetration with dermatokinetic properties, and optimize its topical application for wound healing and anti-inflammatory treatment. Since TQN has limited or poor water solubility, its therapeutic efficacy is directly impacted. Therefore, developing a TQN-NE gel is essential to enhance transdermal delivery.
Methods
The TQN-loaded nanoemulsion (TQN-NE) was formulated using the aqueous microtitration method, incorporating Labrafil®M2125, i.e., oil, Tween 80, i.e., surfactant, and plurol oleique i.e., co-surfactant. To improve retention time for topical use, the nanoemulsion was combined with a carbopol 934-based gel, resulting in a nanoemulgel. Both nanoemulsion and nanoemulgel were analyzed by various parameters, including thermodynamic-stability, globule–size, physical–properties, pH, zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), drug content, rheological properties, permeation via skin, in vitro drug release, viscosity, -spreadability, shear stress, -bioadhesive strength, -swelling index, and adhesive force.
Results
The TQN-NE6 formulation resulted in a transparent, stable, and well-defined nanoemulsion with an average droplet/globule size of 151.7 ± 5.93 nm, a ZP of − 18.10 ± 2.61 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.197 ± 0.061. The Thymoquinone nanoemulsion gel (TQN-NE-Gel) exhibited a mean droplet size of 172.32 ± 6.94 nm, a PDI of 0.126 ± 0.123, a ZP of − 23.30 ± 0.45 mV, and a pH of 6.66 ± 0.08. It also demonstrated a viscosity of 5424 cP at 100 rpm and a spreadability factor of 0.129 ± 0.09 cm2/g, along with enhanced mucoadhesive strength and a smooth, spherical shape confirmed by TEM analysis. The optimized TQN-NE-Gel formulation significantly improved skin permeation, with dermatokinetic analysis showing a notable (p < 0.001) enhance in Cmax and AUC0–8 h in treated skin compared to conventional TQN gel. Additionally, the optimized TQN-NE-Gel demonstrated superior wound healing efficacy upon topical application. No signs of inflammatory cell infiltration were observed post-treatment, confirming the formulation’s safety and non-toxic nature.
Conclusion
A novel TQN-NE-Gel was successfully developed, demonstrating enhanced solubility and improved skin permeation of Thymoquinone. The formulation exhibited superior efficacy in promoting wound healing and providing anti-inflammatory effects when applied topically. TQN-NE-Gel serves as an effective carrier for the Thymoquinone, facilitating improved transdermal delivery and therapeutic potential in future.
期刊介绍：
"Polymer Bulletin" is a comprehensive academic journal on polymer science founded in 1988. It was founded under the initiative of the late Mr. Wang Baoren, a famous Chinese chemist and educator. This journal is co-sponsored by the Chinese Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences and is supervised by the China Association for Science and Technology. It is a core journal and is publicly distributed at home and abroad.
"Polymer Bulletin" is a monthly magazine with multiple columns, including a project application guide, outlook, review, research papers, highlight reviews, polymer education and teaching, information sharing, interviews, polymer science popularization, etc. The journal is included in the CSCD Chinese Science Citation Database. It serves as the source journal for Chinese scientific and technological paper statistics and the source journal of Peking University's "Overview of Chinese Core Journals."
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