Franjo Weber, Chao Zhu, Shigeru Kobayashi, Till Fuchs, Taro Hitosugi, Jürgen Janek, Rüdiger Berger
{"title":"固态电化学电池中开尔文探针力测量的解释","authors":"Franjo Weber, Chao Zhu, Shigeru Kobayashi, Till Fuchs, Taro Hitosugi, Jürgen Janek, Rüdiger Berger","doi":"10.1021/acsami.5c10182","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) provides an established and reliable measurement of the work function of electronic conductors under equilibrium conditions. A less used but highly versatile application of KPFM is the characterization of electrochemical devices in operation, i.e., devices under nonequilibrium conditions. We derive the KPFM signal interpretation from basic considerations of the Volta potential and its relation to the surface potential, chemical potential of electrons, Galvani potential, and work function. As a key experiment for understanding operando measurements at electrochemical cells, we investigate a Hebb–Wagner solid-state polarization cell (HWC), constructed with a mixed ionic-electronic conductor (MIEC). Using a model-type MIEC based on amorphous Li<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, we illustrate how different potentials used in electrochemistry contribute to the KPFM signal. We show that KPFM measurements correspond to the inner electric (Galvani) potential profile along the HWC, once specific assumptions are valid. Consequently, KPFM can be very valuable in the investigation of solid electrolytes in operating electrochemical cells. Such cells are suitable models for all-solid-state batteries, candidates for future high energy density batteries.","PeriodicalId":5,"journal":{"name":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Interpretation of Kelvin Probe Force Measurements in Solid-State Electrochemical Cells\",\"authors\":\"Franjo Weber, Chao Zhu, Shigeru Kobayashi, Till Fuchs, Taro Hitosugi, Jürgen Janek, Rüdiger Berger\",\"doi\":\"10.1021/acsami.5c10182\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) provides an established and reliable measurement of the work function of electronic conductors under equilibrium conditions. A less used but highly versatile application of KPFM is the characterization of electrochemical devices in operation, i.e., devices under nonequilibrium conditions. We derive the KPFM signal interpretation from basic considerations of the Volta potential and its relation to the surface potential, chemical potential of electrons, Galvani potential, and work function. As a key experiment for understanding operando measurements at electrochemical cells, we investigate a Hebb–Wagner solid-state polarization cell (HWC), constructed with a mixed ionic-electronic conductor (MIEC). Using a model-type MIEC based on amorphous Li<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, we illustrate how different potentials used in electrochemistry contribute to the KPFM signal. We show that KPFM measurements correspond to the inner electric (Galvani) potential profile along the HWC, once specific assumptions are valid. Consequently, KPFM can be very valuable in the investigation of solid electrolytes in operating electrochemical cells. Such cells are suitable models for all-solid-state batteries, candidates for future high energy density batteries.\",\"PeriodicalId\":5,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces\",\"volume\":\"18 1\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":8.2000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-10-07\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"88\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c10182\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"材料科学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5c10182","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Interpretation of Kelvin Probe Force Measurements in Solid-State Electrochemical Cells
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) provides an established and reliable measurement of the work function of electronic conductors under equilibrium conditions. A less used but highly versatile application of KPFM is the characterization of electrochemical devices in operation, i.e., devices under nonequilibrium conditions. We derive the KPFM signal interpretation from basic considerations of the Volta potential and its relation to the surface potential, chemical potential of electrons, Galvani potential, and work function. As a key experiment for understanding operando measurements at electrochemical cells, we investigate a Hebb–Wagner solid-state polarization cell (HWC), constructed with a mixed ionic-electronic conductor (MIEC). Using a model-type MIEC based on amorphous Li3PO4, we illustrate how different potentials used in electrochemistry contribute to the KPFM signal. We show that KPFM measurements correspond to the inner electric (Galvani) potential profile along the HWC, once specific assumptions are valid. Consequently, KPFM can be very valuable in the investigation of solid electrolytes in operating electrochemical cells. Such cells are suitable models for all-solid-state batteries, candidates for future high energy density batteries.
期刊介绍:
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces is a leading interdisciplinary journal that brings together chemists, engineers, physicists, and biologists to explore the development and utilization of newly-discovered materials and interfacial processes for specific applications. Our journal has experienced remarkable growth since its establishment in 2009, both in terms of the number of articles published and the impact of the research showcased. We are proud to foster a truly global community, with the majority of published articles originating from outside the United States, reflecting the rapid growth of applied research worldwide.