The promise of porous organic cages: Bridging fundamental insights and real-world impact in energy and beyond

Porous organic cages (POCs) are an emerging class of materials defined by their unique molecular structure and high porosity, facilitating various applications in multiple domains. This review outlines the development of POCs from initial descriptions to modern advancements, emphasizing their distinct structural properties and implications for crystal engineering, such as polymorphism and modular cocrystallization. The strategic engineering of POCs is examined through instinctive and computational methods and synthesis strategies that use reversible and irreversible bond-forming techniques. Furthermore, post-synthesis modifications and functionalization strategies are explored, illustrating the adaptability of POCs in tailoring their properties for aimed applications. The morphology of POCs, including crystalline, hierarchical, and thin film structures, and their potential uses in photocatalytic and electrocatalytic processes, gas separation, membranes, molecular recognition, proton conductivity, and energy storage in batteries. This comprehensive overview of POCs underscores their potential as transformative materials in chemistry and materials science, encouraging further research and innovation to unlock their full capabilities and address modern challenges in energy, environmental science, and beyond. The insights provided herein aim to inspire new directions in the design and application of POCs, reinforcing their status as a significant advancement in porous materials.