Developing computational thinking skills in higher education through peer reflection on robotics and programming exercises with Bee-Bots, Lego Mindstorms EV3 and Minecraft Education

Computational thinking (CT) is one of the core components of 21st-century capabilities. By linking logical and mathematical thinking with computer science, CT develops problem-solving skills for today's digital world. Hence, competence in CT is significant for students in all fields of higher education to improve their future working lives. Earlier studies suggest that collaborative programming robots and games can especially enhance CT acquisition. However, research on CT in the humanities is still scarce. Therefore, this study investigates the CT development of university students majoring in humanities fields during a pilot elective introductory CT course with collaborative activities involving Bee-Bots, Lego Mindstorms EV3 and Microsoft's Minecraft Education. Working in pairs, 12 participants wrote reflective diaries after each lecture and during their game-making assignments, which were later assessed to validate the effects of interactive programming and collaborative reflection using thematic content analysis. The findings confirm the positive influence of collaborative robotics, programming activities and reflective writing. This research adds to the growing knowledge on teaching CT and also holds practical value for curriculum developers, teacher educators and classroom teachers, who can apply these findings to create curricula and classroom activities that emphasise a wide range of CT skills, extending beyond just programming.