Superlubricity of Borophene: Tribological Properties in Comparison to hBN

The tribological performance of 2D materials makes them good candidates toward a reduction of friction at the macroscale. Superlubricity has been observed for graphene, MoS₂, and MXenes, whereas hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is used to reduce or tune friction. Other materials are investigated as potential candidates for low-lubricity applications. Specifically, borophene is predicted to have ultralow friction. Here, we experimentally investigate the frictional properties of borophene and use a borophene/hBN lateral heterostructure to directly compare the tribological properties of the two complementary 2D materials. In particular, we investigate the friction between a sliding tip and (i) the weakly corrugated 𝒳6${\mathcal{X}}_6$${\mathcal{X}}_6$-borophene layer on Ir(111) or (ii) the hBN/Ir(111) superlattice structures with a strongly corrugated moiré reconstruction. Our experimental study performed in ultrahigh vacuum at room temperature combined with a Prandtl–Tomlinson (PT) model calculation confirms the superlubricity predicted for borophene, while hBN, which exhibits a higher friction, is nevertheless confirmed as a low friction material. Ab initio calculations show that the lower friction of 𝒳6${\mathcal{X}}_6$${\mathcal{X}}_6$-borophene with respect to hBN can be rationalized by weaker tip/surface interactions. In addition, we assess structural and electrical properties of borophene and hBN by using scanning probe techniques and compare their dissipation under the oscillating tip to investigate the possible path of energy dissipation occurring during friction. Our study demonstrates the low frictional properties of borophene and the potential of lateral heterostructure investigations to directly compare the properties of these 2D materials.