A multidimensional urban transport equity assessment framework: A case of Mumbai

Urban transport appraisals in emerging economies rely on cost-benefit analysis frameworks that exclude equity and distributional considerations. This approach could exacerbate inequalities in access and opportunities, disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations. Existing literature lacks holistic transport equity assessment frameworks tailored for emerging economies. This study develops and applies a novel framework, grounded in Rawlsian Justice theory and the Capability Approach. The framework adopts a multidimensional evaluation of distributive justice and individual capability perspectives and employs a mixed-method approach incorporating spatial, economic, and qualitative dimensions.

Applying the framework to Mumbai reveals notable inequities. 27 % of the slum population lives in areas with severe transit supply-demand deficits. Metro and suburban rail service coverage spatially excludes many slum settlements, and affordability analysis indicates Metro and Suburban AC fares are largely unaffordable for minimum wage earners. The policy analysis reveals limited inclusion of vulnerable groups in planning documents, and budget analysis highlights disproportionate resource allocation: 87 % of the transport budget is directed towards private vehicle-oriented investments that serve only 9 % of the population(private vehicle users), while non-motorised transport and bus service receive a negligible share. Stakeholder perspectives further underscore the fragmented institutional arrangements and technocratic planning that limit consideration of vulnerable groups.

The findings indicate a lack of distributive justice principles in the current transport policy, with minimal prioritisation of the least advantaged groups. This study contributes a practical framework for city-level transport equity assessment, offering a valuable tool for policymakers and institutions in emerging economy contexts.