Sustainable metal-organic framework (MOF) bio-films for biomedical applications

The rising prevalence of complex bone fractures, often requiring implants, has driven demand for advanced materials in orthopedics, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 3D porous structures of metal ions and organic ligands offer exceptional biomedical potential. Their high surface area enhances drug-loading capacity and enables targeted delivery, reducing infection risks by adapting to pH/temperature changes. MOFs' biocompatibility supports applications like antibacterial implant coatings, which also stimulate pre-implant osteogenesis and act as localized drug reservoirs. Furthermore, MOF-modified bone scaffolds enhance mechanical stability, accelerate healing, and improve tissue compatibility. These innovations promise shorter treatment times and superior outcomes compared to traditional methods, positioning MOFs as transformative tools in orthopedic repair and regenerative medicine. In this review, several critical topics concerning MOFs are delved into, including their classification and types, as well as their biocompatibility, which is essential for safe clinical applications. The distinctive properties of MOFs that make them suitable for biomedical uses are explored, with an emphasis on their antibacterial activity, particularly for implants. The discussion is extended to MOF coatings for implant functionalization, their role in stimulating pre-implant osteogenesis, and their potential as drug delivery depots. Furthermore, the impact of surface modifications by MOFs on enhancing bone healing and stability is addressed, alongside the physiological processes involved in bone healing and their applications in wound healing. This comprehensive examination underscores the significant contributions of MOFs to advancing orthopedic implants and tissue engineering solutions.