{"title":"用低耗散解算器模拟高度欠膨胀氢射流的大涡","authors":"Haseeb Ali , Ville Vuorinen , Aleksi Rintanen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151331","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Large-eddy simulation (LES) of H<sub>2</sub> jets is carried out at nozzle pressure ratios 5.8 <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> NPR <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> 10. A low-dissipative, localized flux formulation is proposed and validated using 1D–3D reference cases. In the present under-expanded jet studies, the following numerical observations are made. (1) The proposed low-dissipative approach resolves both shocks and turbulence simultaneously. The transition to turbulence is noted to start up to <span><math><mrow><mo>≈</mo><mn>10</mn><mi>D</mi></mrow></math></span> earlier for under-expanded jets with low-dissipative approach in comparison to the fully dissipative flux approach. (2) A comparison of H<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub> jets indicates a delayed transition to turbulence for H<sub>2</sub> at NPR = 6.5. (3) At all NPRs, the H<sub>2</sub> jet turbulence transition is delayed, but the transition shifts towards the nozzle when the NPR increases. (4) The normalized peak vorticity <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub><mi>D</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> values for Görtler vortices around the barrel shock boundary of H<sub>2</sub> jet is observed to be <span><math><mrow><mo>≈</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span> times lower compared to representative CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> jets. (5) For H<sub>2</sub>, Mach disk oscillation is observed and linked to the global POD modes at a Strouhal number range of <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>063</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>078</mn></mrow></math></span>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":337,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 151331"},"PeriodicalIF":8.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Large-Eddy simulation of highly under-expanded hydrogen jets using a low dissipative solver\",\"authors\":\"Haseeb Ali , Ville Vuorinen , Aleksi Rintanen\",\"doi\":\"10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151331\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><div>Large-eddy simulation (LES) of H<sub>2</sub> jets is carried out at nozzle pressure ratios 5.8 <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> NPR <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> 10. A low-dissipative, localized flux formulation is proposed and validated using 1D–3D reference cases. In the present under-expanded jet studies, the following numerical observations are made. (1) The proposed low-dissipative approach resolves both shocks and turbulence simultaneously. The transition to turbulence is noted to start up to <span><math><mrow><mo>≈</mo><mn>10</mn><mi>D</mi></mrow></math></span> earlier for under-expanded jets with low-dissipative approach in comparison to the fully dissipative flux approach. (2) A comparison of H<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub> jets indicates a delayed transition to turbulence for H<sub>2</sub> at NPR = 6.5. (3) At all NPRs, the H<sub>2</sub> jet turbulence transition is delayed, but the transition shifts towards the nozzle when the NPR increases. (4) The normalized peak vorticity <span><math><mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub><mi>D</mi><mo>/</mo><msub><mrow><mi>U</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></mrow></math></span> values for Görtler vortices around the barrel shock boundary of H<sub>2</sub> jet is observed to be <span><math><mrow><mo>≈</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></math></span> times lower compared to representative CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub> jets. (5) For H<sub>2</sub>, Mach disk oscillation is observed and linked to the global POD modes at a Strouhal number range of <span><math><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>≈</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>063</mn><mo>−</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>078</mn></mrow></math></span>.</div></div>\",\"PeriodicalId\":337,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy\",\"volume\":\"182 \",\"pages\":\"Article 151331\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":8.3000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-10-04\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"5\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319925043332\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"工程技术\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319925043332","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
Large-Eddy simulation of highly under-expanded hydrogen jets using a low dissipative solver
Large-eddy simulation (LES) of H2 jets is carried out at nozzle pressure ratios 5.8 NPR 10. A low-dissipative, localized flux formulation is proposed and validated using 1D–3D reference cases. In the present under-expanded jet studies, the following numerical observations are made. (1) The proposed low-dissipative approach resolves both shocks and turbulence simultaneously. The transition to turbulence is noted to start up to earlier for under-expanded jets with low-dissipative approach in comparison to the fully dissipative flux approach. (2) A comparison of H2, CH4, and N2 jets indicates a delayed transition to turbulence for H2 at NPR = 6.5. (3) At all NPRs, the H2 jet turbulence transition is delayed, but the transition shifts towards the nozzle when the NPR increases. (4) The normalized peak vorticity values for Görtler vortices around the barrel shock boundary of H2 jet is observed to be times lower compared to representative CH4 and N2 jets. (5) For H2, Mach disk oscillation is observed and linked to the global POD modes at a Strouhal number range of .
期刊介绍:
The objective of the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy is to facilitate the exchange of new ideas, technological advancements, and research findings in the field of Hydrogen Energy among scientists and engineers worldwide. This journal showcases original research, both analytical and experimental, covering various aspects of Hydrogen Energy. These include production, storage, transmission, utilization, enabling technologies, environmental impact, economic considerations, and global perspectives on hydrogen and its carriers such as NH3, CH4, alcohols, etc.
The utilization aspect encompasses various methods such as thermochemical (combustion), photochemical, electrochemical (fuel cells), and nuclear conversion of hydrogen, hydrogen isotopes, and hydrogen carriers into thermal, mechanical, and electrical energies. The applications of these energies can be found in transportation (including aerospace), industrial, commercial, and residential sectors.