Composites-based electrodes in enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensors

Glucose imbalance in the human body is associated with multiple metabolic conditions such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and diabetes. This review examines the latest developments in enzymatic glucose biosensors, with a focus on those utilizing nanocomposites and polymers. Conductive polymers, carbon nanostructures, metal nanoparticles, polymers with embedded metal nanoparticles, and polymeric ionic liquid-based structures are the most convenient for the design of electrochemical biosensors. Conductive polymer materials enhance electron transfer, improve biocompatibility, and enable flexible biosensor designs. Carbon nanostructures can be integrated with polymeric materials, improving the charge transfer. Polymer-metal structure-containing electrodes improve glucose sensor performance by enhancing conductivity and stability. Complex composite-based electrodes enable the exploitation of combinations of benefits provided by all previously mentioned materials. Significant progress in sensor performance was achieved by tailoring the composition and structure of these components.