Metal ion transport and deposition behavior during electrolysis process

The migration and deposition behavior of ions is a critical step in the electrolytic deposition process and plays an important role in determining the mass transfer rate, crystal size, morphology and purity. Understanding the migration and deposition behavior of ions is therefore important to achieve controllability of desired electrodeposited products. In this paper, we first outline the relevant theoretical foundations, including mass transfer, boundary layer, and double electric layer theories. Subsequently, we summarize recent research advances in ion diffusion, convection, electromigration, and inter-ion and ion-solvent interactions, and discuss the mechanisms of crystal formation, growth, and dendrite inhibition. Finally, the effects of ion migration and deposition behavior on deposition quality are analyzed, and challenges, opportunities and future research directions in this field are discussed. This study provides an important reference for optimizing the electrolytic deposition process and developing high-performance electrodeposited materials.