Advanced ferrite hybrid nanostructures for electrochemical sensing: a review of biomedical diagnostic applications

Ferrite hybrid structures are compounds classified as magnetic metal oxides, often denoted by the formula MFe₂O₄. M usually refers to divalent metal ions, including Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn. Hybrid nanostructures provide both high conductivity and large surface area, offering more sensitive and reliable sensing in electrochemical sensors. The physical and chemical properties of ferrihybrids vary depending on synthesis methods and processing conditions. Recently, ferrihybrid materials have come to the forefront with their catalytic and magnetic properties and are widely preferred for their ability to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of the developed sensor. The application of ferri-hybrid nanosensors in diagnostics is examined in this comprehensive review under four main headings: cancer, neurodegenerative, renal and diabetes mellitus diseases. Under these headings, metals that form a hybrid structure with ferrite are examined, the synthesis of these structures is reviewed and the reasons for their preference in electrochemical diagnosis are investigated and organized in tables.