Signalling molecules and microenvironment modulation in skin regeneration of chronic wound repair: A cellular perspective.

Tissue repair is an intricate biological process involving cellular and molecular mechanisms. These mechanisms coordinate the repair of damaged tissue, relying on the function of several signalling molecules. Growth factors, cytokines, and hormones perform a fundamental role in tissue regeneration, especially in skin regeneration. On the other hand, in case of diabetes or chronic wounds, the synthesis and regulation of these signalling molecules may be disrupted. Despite advances in medical science, chronic, non-healing wounds remain a continuous challenge, often characterized by reduced angiogenesis, impaired epithelialization, irregular granulation tissue formation, and elevated inflammation. This highlights the need to explore their therapeutic applications and the possibility of external production or stimulation for improved healing. The cellular intricacies are revealed within the wounded environment, explaining the functions of each signalling molecule, thus providing a roadmap for therapeutic exploration. It scrutinizes the complexities of venous and arterial ulcers, diabetic wounds, and complex burn wounds, which indicates the urgency of coming up with innovative interventions. From the modulation of wound microenvironments will arise new treatment modalities that spur tissue restoration with efficacy. Scientists have explored the wound healing properties of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Platelet Derived Growth Factor, Transforming Growth Factor-β, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, estradiol benzoate, thyroxine, and erythropoietin. This review article acts as a guide for better treatments that can improve wound healing.