Optimized Zn(II) Biosorption using Lignocellulosic Biomass from Vitis Vinifera: Kinetics, Isotherms, and Life Cycle Assessment Overview

This research investigates the optimized biosorption of zinc ions using lignocellulosic materials derived from Vitis vinifera, specifically grape stems and vine shoots. The study aims to address heavy metal pollution by utilizing agricultural waste for sustainable and cost-effective zinc ion removal from wastewater. The biosorbents were prepared and characterized, and key parameters such as initial zinc ion concentration, pH, biosorbent dose, and stirring time were optimized using Response Surface Methodology with Box-Behnken Design. The kinetics of adsorption were represented by pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, while the equilibrium isotherms were characterized using Langmuir and Freundlich models. The research achieved zinc ion removal efficiencies of up to 99.41% for grape stems and 91.93% for vine shoots. The optimal conditions for biosorption were found to be a pH of 7, a biosorbent dose of 2.1 g for grape stems and 2.5 g for vine shoots, and a stirring time of 25 min for grape stems and 18 min for vine shoots. Functional groups and alterations in the surface morphology of the biosorbents were verified through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Life Cycle Assessment provided insights into the environmental impacts of zinc biosorption.