Pharmacological Diversity of Flavonoids and Their Clinical Application Prospects in Neurological Disorders.

Flavonoids are a diverse group of polyphenolic compounds found in plant-based foods and herbs, characterized by their varied hydroxylation and glycosylation patterns. Their complex molecular structures confer a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant effects through reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and Nrf2 activation, anti-inflammatory properties via NF-κB inhibition, anti-apoptotic effects, and modulation of ion channel activities. These mechanisms make flavonoids promising candidates for therapeutic applications across various conditions, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and metabolic disorders. Specifically, inflammation and ion channel dysfunction are common underlying factors in many diseases, positioning flavonoids as potential multi-target interventions. For instance, apigenin and vitexin are natural, safe alternatives for treating neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, offering efficacy with minimal side effects. This review categorizes flavonoids based on their structural characteristics and explores their advancements in addressing inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, ion channel regulation, pain relief, and neurological disorders, including epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and anti-stroke. Ultimately, the review underscores the need for further high-quality studies to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of these plant-derived compounds, alongside research into optimal dosing and formulation strategies, highlighting their potential as multi-faceted therapeutic agents for neurological disorders.