Investigation of the potential of phytochemicals derived from citrus peels to inhibit digestive enzymes: an overture to the management of lifestyle diseases.

The food industry relies on citrus fruits for juice, canned fruit, and jam, creating significant waste from peels, seeds, and pomace. This waste contains valuable phytochemicals like carotenoids, essential oils, (poly)phenols, pectin, and vitamins, which can be used as nutraceuticals or key ingredients in functional foods for managing diabetes and obesity. Repurposing citrus peel waste offers an excellent opportunity to advance biorefineries and the bioeconomy. Compounds derived from citrus have attracted attention for their potential therapeutic effects on diabetes and obesity, and their effectiveness depends on various mechanisms. This review summarises citrus-derived phytochemicals that inhibit α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in vitro, highlighting their potential as anti-diabetic and anti-obesity compounds. We also discuss progress in using molecular docking screening against key drug targets linked to type II diabetes and obesity. This review explores novel citrus phytochemicals for the development of nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients with enhanced health benefits.