Catarina Pacheco, Redouane Messous, Rui P Moura, Andreia Almeida, Patrícia Silva, Bruno Sarmento, Hassan Bousbaa, Júlio C M Souza
{"title":"小鼠成纤维细胞或人角质形成细胞对微纳米级钛颗粒的反应：颗粒穿过角质形成细胞单层的渗透性。","authors":"Catarina Pacheco, Redouane Messous, Rui P Moura, Andreia Almeida, Patrícia Silva, Bruno Sarmento, Hassan Bousbaa, Júlio C M Souza","doi":"10.1007/s00784-025-06492-1","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytocompatibility of micro- and nano-scale commercially pure Titanium (cpTi) particles in contact with fibroblasts and keratinocytes and the penetration of cpTi particles across keratinocytes' layers.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) particles with 50-nm or 1-µm size were chemically and morphologically characterized using a Field Emission Guns Electron Microscopy (FEGSEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM), and Energy Dispersion Spectrometry (EDAX). Then, the cytotoxic profile of the particles was monitored in contact with murine L929 fibroblasts and TR146 keratinocytes for 1, 4, and 7 days. Further permeability assays were performed across a TR146 monolayer via Transwell<sup>TM</sup> model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Physicochemical characterization of cpTi nano-scale particles (cpTi NPs) revealed a mean size at 70 nm and a specific surface area at around ~ 17.2 m<sup>2</sup>/g, while micro-scale particles (cpTi MP) size ranged from 0.3 up to 5.3 μm with a mean size of 1.4 μm at dry conditions. The optimized de-agglomeration of nanoparticles resulted in an increased specific surface area up to 57.3 m<sup>2</sup>/g. The metabolic activity of fibroblasts decreased against 50 or 100 µg/ml cpTi over 3 days cell culture while keratinocytes were not affected. Moreover, cpTi NP were internalized and steadily translocated into keratinocyte monolayers, showing an apparent permeability coefficient of 6.65 × 10<sup>-6</sup> cm/s for 50 µg/mL and 3.96 × 10<sup>-6</sup> cm/s for 100 µg/mL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Altogether, nano-scale titanium particles decreased the viability of fibroblasts although a significant viability of keratinocytes has been detected by standard cell culture assays. However, nano-scale titanium particles were found into keratinocytes and even trespassed the cells' layers that could reach other cells and blood vessels in an in vivo scenario. Thus, toxicity of titanium particles depends on their particle size, exposure time, content, and interaction with the surrounding media.</p>","PeriodicalId":10461,"journal":{"name":"Clinical Oral Investigations","volume":"29 10","pages":"485"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12484349/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Response of murine fibroblasts or human keratinocytes to micro- and nano-scale titanium particles: the permeability of particles across keratinocytes' monolayers.\",\"authors\":\"Catarina Pacheco, Redouane Messous, Rui P Moura, Andreia Almeida, Patrícia Silva, Bruno Sarmento, Hassan Bousbaa, Júlio C M Souza\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s00784-025-06492-1\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytocompatibility of micro- and nano-scale commercially pure Titanium (cpTi) particles in contact with fibroblasts and keratinocytes and the penetration of cpTi particles across keratinocytes' layers.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) particles with 50-nm or 1-µm size were chemically and morphologically characterized using a Field Emission Guns Electron Microscopy (FEGSEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM), and Energy Dispersion Spectrometry (EDAX). Then, the cytotoxic profile of the particles was monitored in contact with murine L929 fibroblasts and TR146 keratinocytes for 1, 4, and 7 days. Further permeability assays were performed across a TR146 monolayer via Transwell<sup>TM</sup> model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Physicochemical characterization of cpTi nano-scale particles (cpTi NPs) revealed a mean size at 70 nm and a specific surface area at around ~ 17.2 m<sup>2</sup>/g, while micro-scale particles (cpTi MP) size ranged from 0.3 up to 5.3 μm with a mean size of 1.4 μm at dry conditions. The optimized de-agglomeration of nanoparticles resulted in an increased specific surface area up to 57.3 m<sup>2</sup>/g. The metabolic activity of fibroblasts decreased against 50 or 100 µg/ml cpTi over 3 days cell culture while keratinocytes were not affected. Moreover, cpTi NP were internalized and steadily translocated into keratinocyte monolayers, showing an apparent permeability coefficient of 6.65 × 10<sup>-6</sup> cm/s for 50 µg/mL and 3.96 × 10<sup>-6</sup> cm/s for 100 µg/mL.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Altogether, nano-scale titanium particles decreased the viability of fibroblasts although a significant viability of keratinocytes has been detected by standard cell culture assays. However, nano-scale titanium particles were found into keratinocytes and even trespassed the cells' layers that could reach other cells and blood vessels in an in vivo scenario. Thus, toxicity of titanium particles depends on their particle size, exposure time, content, and interaction with the surrounding media.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":10461,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Clinical Oral Investigations\",\"volume\":\"29 10\",\"pages\":\"485\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2025-09-30\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12484349/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Clinical Oral Investigations\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"3\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-025-06492-1\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Clinical Oral Investigations","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-025-06492-1","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE","Score":null,"Total":0}
Response of murine fibroblasts or human keratinocytes to micro- and nano-scale titanium particles: the permeability of particles across keratinocytes' monolayers.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytocompatibility of micro- and nano-scale commercially pure Titanium (cpTi) particles in contact with fibroblasts and keratinocytes and the penetration of cpTi particles across keratinocytes' layers.
Method: Commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) particles with 50-nm or 1-µm size were chemically and morphologically characterized using a Field Emission Guns Electron Microscopy (FEGSEM), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM), and Energy Dispersion Spectrometry (EDAX). Then, the cytotoxic profile of the particles was monitored in contact with murine L929 fibroblasts and TR146 keratinocytes for 1, 4, and 7 days. Further permeability assays were performed across a TR146 monolayer via TranswellTM model.
Results: Physicochemical characterization of cpTi nano-scale particles (cpTi NPs) revealed a mean size at 70 nm and a specific surface area at around ~ 17.2 m2/g, while micro-scale particles (cpTi MP) size ranged from 0.3 up to 5.3 μm with a mean size of 1.4 μm at dry conditions. The optimized de-agglomeration of nanoparticles resulted in an increased specific surface area up to 57.3 m2/g. The metabolic activity of fibroblasts decreased against 50 or 100 µg/ml cpTi over 3 days cell culture while keratinocytes were not affected. Moreover, cpTi NP were internalized and steadily translocated into keratinocyte monolayers, showing an apparent permeability coefficient of 6.65 × 10-6 cm/s for 50 µg/mL and 3.96 × 10-6 cm/s for 100 µg/mL.
Conclusions: Altogether, nano-scale titanium particles decreased the viability of fibroblasts although a significant viability of keratinocytes has been detected by standard cell culture assays. However, nano-scale titanium particles were found into keratinocytes and even trespassed the cells' layers that could reach other cells and blood vessels in an in vivo scenario. Thus, toxicity of titanium particles depends on their particle size, exposure time, content, and interaction with the surrounding media.
期刊介绍：
The journal Clinical Oral Investigations is a multidisciplinary, international forum for publication of research from all fields of oral medicine. The journal publishes original scientific articles and invited reviews which provide up-to-date results of basic and clinical studies in oral and maxillofacial science and medicine. The aim is to clarify the relevance of new results to modern practice, for an international readership. Coverage includes maxillofacial and oral surgery, prosthetics and restorative dentistry, operative dentistry, endodontics, periodontology, orthodontics, dental materials science, clinical trials, epidemiology, pedodontics, oral implant, preventive dentistiry, oral pathology, oral basic sciences and more.
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