The Role of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Enhancing Post-Surgical Outcomes and Overcoming Relapse

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive cancer that's usually detected at an advanced stage and has a high recurrence rate despite surgical resection, making treatment challenging. Although mitotane is still the only approved treatment, its poor effectiveness has raised interest in immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as avelumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab. By addressing ACC's immune response, ICIs and surgery together are intended to improve post-operative results and lower recurrence.