Transforming biomass into sustainable biohydrogen: an in-depth analysis

Hydrogen is considered one of the most effective alternative fuels in the journey toward achieving zero greenhouse gases in the future. Currently, it remains predominantly sourced from non-renewable energy resources, such as fossil fuels. Unfortunately, a significant concern regarding our dependence on these exhausted resources is their profound adverse effects on our environment. We view the development of a proposed biomass-to-sustainable hydrogen strategy as an attractive opportunity to produce a sustainable strategic hydrogen source. To achieve large-scale commercial adoption of biohydrogen, it is essential to optimize a range of operating parameters. In this context, machine learning is essential for achieving such results alongside physicochemical, biological, and electrochemical methods. These advanced techniques enable researchers to optimize processes, predict outcomes, and enhance the efficiency of experiments. By integrating machine learning with traditional methods, scientists can uncover insights that were previously unattainable. This review explores the recent advancements in thermochemical, biological, and electrochemical methods for generating biohydrogen from biomass. Advanced methodologies and thermochemical processes, like thermal plasma, are crucial for gasifying materials, modelling processes, treating sewage sludge, and enhancing hydrogen production by capturing and using CO₂. These methods have shown significant promise in increasing the efficiency and sustainability of biohydrogen production. By leveraging innovative techniques, researchers aim to optimize the conversion processes and enhance the overall yield of hydrogen, contributing to cleaner energy solutions. It highlights the use of machine learning in operational analysis, emphasizing its ability to capture complex relationships between operational and performance factors. The authors have thoroughly examined the applications, obstacles, and sustainability of biohydrogen. The authors have outlined the forthcoming perspectives and challenges. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the current state of biohydrogen research and its future potential. By articulating these insights, the authors contribute valuable knowledge to the ongoing discourse in this field. Ultimately, the authors have articulated their findings.