Review of Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control Technologies for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine

Permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are widely used in robotics, rail transportation, and electric vehicles owing to their high power density, high efficiency, and high power factor. However, PMSMs often operate in harsh environments, where critical components such as windings and permanent magnets (PMs) are susceptible to failures. These faults can lead to a significant degradation in performance, posing substantial challenges to the reliable operation of PMSMs. This paper presents a comprehensive review of common fault types in PMSMs, along with their corresponding fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategies. The underlying mechanisms of typical faults are systematically analyzed, followed by a detailed comparison of various diagnostic and fault-tolerant control methods to evaluate their respective advantages and limitations. Finally, the review concludes by identifying key research gaps in PMSM fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control, while proposing potential future directions for advancing this field.