Oral Plasmablastic Lymphoma: Case Series and Literature Review.

Background: Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) of the oral cavity is a rare, aggressive subtype of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, predominantly seen in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. This malignancy is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), highlighting its oncogenic role.

Methods: We present 11 cases of oral cavity PBL (OPBL) managed at our institution, detailing clinical, radiological, pathological, and therapeutic features, as well as patient outcomes. We also conducted a comprehensive literature review to synthesize current evidence.

Results: Since 2008, 645 OPBL cases have been reported. The disease primarily affects men with underlying immunodeficiency, particularly HIV. The maxillary alveolar ridge was the most frequent subsite, typically associated with osteolytic bone lesions. Most patients presented at a localized stage. Although chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment, novel targeted therapies are emerging. Prognosis, however, remains poor.

Conclusions: OPBL should be systematically considered when evaluating oral cavity malignancy, especially in immunocompromised patients with submucosal lesion.